Suchergebnisse

The institutional problems that accompany the process of structural reforms in the railway transport of Ukraine are consider at the article. Purpose of the article. The main institutional problems of the Ukrainian railways at the sectoral, national and еuropean levels in the context of structural changes and to reveal the importance of state regulation of these processes in the industry are consider. Objectives of the research. The main tasks are: 1) to analyze the formal institutions that were adopted with the purpose of structural transformation in the industry; 2) to determine the role of the state in the implementation of structural transformations; 3) to summarize the institutional problems of the reform process and institutional adaptation of EU legislation. Methods of research. The structural-logical, economic and statistical, comparative methods are used in Article. Results of research. The main institutional problems of railway transport at the sectoral, national and European levels are generalized. The need of the updating of the institutional environment for structural reforms, including in terms of implementation of European directives and regulations are accelerate. An active position and support of the state is necessary. The field of application of results. The obtained results can be used by the Ministry of Infrastructure, implementing the state policy in the field of railway transport, in the process of developing and adapting formal institutions for the implementation of structural reforms in railway transports. Conclusions. The institutional problems make the dynamic process of structural changes in railway impossible. It creates a threat to the implementation of structural reforms in the long run. The elimination of the contradictions between the functioning institutional environment and the market structure will ensure the effective formation and organization of relations between actors in the process of developing the transportation market.This is due to the transformational changes in ...

In this work, we have studied the relative stability of 1,2- and 2,3-quinones. While 1,2-quinones have a closed-shell singlet ground state, the ground state for the studied 2,3-isomers is open-shell singlet, except for 2,3-naphthaquinone that has a closed-shell singlet ground state. In all cases, 1,2-quinones are more stable than their 2,3-counterparts. We analyzed the reasons for the higher stability of the 1,2-isomers through energy decomposition analysis in the framework of Kohn–Sham molecular orbital theory. The results showed that we have to trace the origin of 1,2-quinones' enhanced stability to the more efficient bonding in the π-electron system due to more favorable overlap between the SOMOπ of the ·C4n−2H2n–CH·· and ··CH–CO–CO· fragments in the 1,2-arrangement. Furthermore, whereas 1,2-quinones present a constant trend with their elongation for all analyzed properties (geometric, energetic, and electronic), 2,3-quinone derivatives present a substantial breaking in monotonicity. ; European Union in the framework of European Social Fund through the Warsaw University of Technology Development Programme. O.A. S., H. S. and T.M. K.